A jogger found a stray dog in the park. She took the dog home with her and placed an ad in the paper to try to find the dog's owner. Soon thereafter, the owner of the dog contacted the jogger. He came to the jogger’s home and identified the dog as his. He offered to pay the jogger a $200 reward at the end of the week. The jogger thanked the dog owner but turned down the reward.
At the end of the week, however, the jogger changed her mind, so she called the dog owner and told him that she would like the reward after all. He refused to pay her, and she sues him for breach of contract.
What will the jogger recover?
A. Nothing, because she rejected the dog owner’s offer.
B. Nothing, because there was no consideration to support a contract.
C. $200, because the technical defense of the Statute of Frauds will be overcome by the dog owner’s moral obligation to pay.
D. $200, because the dog owner could not have revoked his offer until the end of the week, and he failed to do so before the jogger accepted.
案情概述:
一名慢跑者在公园里发现了一只走失的狗,把它带回家,并在报纸上登广告寻找狗的主人。不久后,狗主人联系了慢跑者,来到她家确认了狗是自己的。狗主人提出,愿意在本周末支付慢跑者 $200 作为酬谢。慢跑者表示感谢,但拒绝了这笔酬金。
到了周末,慢跑者改变了主意,打电话给狗主人说她愿意接受酬金。狗主人拒绝支付,慢跑者起诉狗主人违约。
问题:慢跑者能获得什么赔偿?
法律问题(Legal Issue):
狗主人是在慢跑者已经完成归还狗的行为之后,才允诺(promise)支付 $200 酬金。这一允诺是否有对价(consideration)支持,从而构成可强制执行的合同?
1. 对价(Consideration)
对价是一方为了换取对方的允诺(promise)而付出的、具有法律价值的东西。对价必须是一种交换关系(bargained-for exchange):我付出,是为了换取你的允诺;你允诺,是为了换取我的付出
2. 过去的对价(Past Consideration)
如果一方的行为在对方作出允诺(promise)之前就已经完成,这个行为不能作为对价,因为它不是被允诺诱导的。“过去的对价”不是对价(Past consideration is not consideration)。 这类允诺在性质上更接近于赠与允诺(gratuitous promise),不可强制执行。
逐步分析:
**步:慢跑者归还狗的行为发生在什么时候?
在狗主人提出 $200 酬金之前。慢跑者已经完成了归还狗的全部行为,狗主人是在事后才提出酬谢。
第二步:狗主人的 $200 允诺有没有对价支持?
没有。慢跑者用来“交换”这 $200 的,是一个已经完成的、过去的行为。它没有被 $200 允诺诱导,属于典型的 past consideration,不构成有效对价。
第三步:慢跑者事后表示接受,能否补救?
不能。对价必须在允诺作出时就已经存在。慢跑者事后改变主意、表示愿意接受,无法把一个没有对价的允诺变成有对价的合同。狗主人的允诺本质上更接近赠与允诺,不可强制执行。
选项分析:
· A:错误。慢跑者拒绝酬金是一个干扰情节。即使她没有拒绝,事后同意也无济于事,因为合同的根基(对价)从一开始就不存在。
· B:正确。慢跑者归还狗的行为发生在狗主人允诺之前,属于过去的对价,没有对价支持的允诺不可强制执行。
· C:错误。反欺诈法与本案无关,且“道德义务”一般不构成强制执行允诺的理由。
· D:错误。这个选项错误地假设了一个有效要约(offer)的存在。但本案中,由于缺乏对价,从一开始就不存在一个可强制执行的合同。
结论:正确答案是 B。