Question

法律英语小课堂

非法侵入土地(trespass to land)是侵权法中的重要概念，指故意、未经授权进入或停留于他人占有土地的行为。该侵权行为的核心在于保护土地占有人的排他性占有权，而非仅仅针对实际损害。

根据普通法，要成功主张非法侵入土地，通常需证明以下要素：

• 原告对土地拥有合法占有权：原告必须在侵权行为发生时实际占有或拥有该土地。这包括所有者、租户等对土地有合法占有权的人。

• 被告未经授权进入或停留：被告的进入或停留必须缺乏原告的同意或法律授权。即使最初获得许可，一旦许可被撤销，继续停留即构成非法侵入。

• 故意性：被告的行为必须是自愿的、故意的。无需证明被告有造成损害的意图，只需证明其故意进入或停留在该土地上。

非法侵入的概念不仅适用于住宅。以下情况也可能涉及：

• 商业场所：顾客在营业时间结束后拒绝离开。

• 租赁关系：房东在租户租期内未经许可进入已出租的房产。

• 间接侵入：例如，向他人土地倾倒垃圾或异物（液体、粉尘等），或建筑物结构延伸至邻地上空或地下。

案例分析（IRAC）

The primary issue is whether Steve’s refusal to leave Jack’s property after being asked constitutes a trespass to land.

Trespass to land occurs when a person intentionally enters or remains on another’s land without permission. The tort protects the owner’s exclusive right of possession over real property, such as land and buildings. Even if no damage occurs, the act of being on the property without authorization is sufficient to establish a claim. Consent to be on the land may initially be given, but once it is revoked, any continued presence becomes unlawful.

In this context, Steve initially had permission to be on Jack’s property as an invited guest for the dinner party. However, once the party ended and Jack asked Steve to leave, any continued presence on the property was without consent. Steve’s refusal to leave after multiple requests shows that he intentionally remained on the land despite knowing that his presence was no longer authorized. Therefore, this satisfies the elements of trespass to land because Steve’s presence interfered with Jack’s exclusive right to control and possess his property.

Steve最初作为客人进入Jack家是经合法同意的。然而，当派对结束Jack明确要求Steve离开时，这种同意即被有效撤销。Steve此后数小时的滞留便失去了授权基础。【许可已被明确撤销】

Steve在Jack多次要求后仍拒绝离开，充分体现了其故意滞留的主观意图。无论Steve的动机如何，其明知无权停留而仍为之的行为已满足故意性要求。【故意停留成立】

尽管Steve未造成财产损坏，但非法侵入土地的成立并不以损害为前提。Steve未经授权的停留本身已构成对Jack排他占有权的干涉，足以支持侵权主张。【无需实际损害】

Steve might argue that because he was initially invited onto the property, he had implied consent to remain for a reasonable time, even after the dinner party ended. He may claim that Jack’s revocation of consent was abrupt and did not give him sufficient time to leave. However, this argument is unlikely to succeed because, once Jack explicitly revoked his consent, any further presence became unauthorized. Courts generally do not require a “grace period” for leaving, and immediate departure is expected once consent is withdrawn.

Steve可能提出的抗辩：

"合理停留时间"抗辩：Steve可能辩称派对刚结束，他需要合理时间准备离开。

反驳Steve的抗辩：一旦土地占有人明确撤销许可，行为人必须立即离开。法律一般不认可所谓的"宽限期"，立即离开是义务。

Jack is likely to succeed in his claim for trespass to land against Steve. Steve’s refusal to leave after consent was revoked constitutes unauthorized interference with Jack’s exclusive right to possess his property. Therefore, Steve is liable for trespass to land.

Jack极有可能在针对Steve的非法侵入土地诉讼中获胜。Steve在许可被明确撤销后仍故意滞留于Jack的后院，满足了非法侵入土地的各个要素，尽管其行为未造成实质性财产损害。